三年级数学除法竖式题:请大家帮我翻译，不要用金山快译。谢谢0010

Critics of the Community-based Environmental Management

Although in theory CBEM has gained respect, its participation does not necessarily imply successful practices. In particular, it is found that CBEM often fails in developing countries and in areas with declining social development (Kellert et al 2000). The recent literature provides two critics to explain its failures. First, the assumption made in the community-based approach is highly questioned. Conventionally, community is seen as small spatial unity in which people who live there are homogeneous with similar social structure, common interests and social norms. Agrawal and Gibson (1999) claim that actors within a community are heterogeneous with background and interests. The second critique concerns the implementation of CBEM. Conventional CBEM does not provide appropriate institutional design to ensure stakeholders’ involvement (Kapoor 2001).

Overall, the recent critics suggest that one should conceive the community as a small size of society with evolving norms and power structure. Such a community needs to interact with other actors; it needs to formalize partnerships both within communities, and between communities and other social actors (Kapoor 2001). The implementation of CBEM should incorporate multiple actors’ interests in programs and examine how actors influence environmental decision-making and on the internal and external institutions that shape the decision-making process.