潍坊市冷库门生产厂家:《苔丝》的评论

德伯家的苔丝

　　拖马斯·哈代

　　长篇小说《德伯家的苔丝》是英国著名小说家和诗人托马斯·哈代（1840－1928）的代表作，哈代青年时代曾当过建筑师，以后成为职业作家，大半生住在乡下，他的小说都是乡村题材，总题名为《威塞克斯小说》，威塞克斯是他的家乡的古名，他的小说也大多以此为背景的。

　　这篇小说描写了一个被侮辱的乡村姑娘苔丝的悲惨遭遇，苔丝是一个想凭自己的双手劳动谋生、追求个人起码幸福权利的淳朴姑娘，可是，社会的强权势力连这样的弱女子也没能放过，最终酿成了她的悲剧。小说强烈的反宗教、反封建道德、反资产阶级法律的倾向，在当时尽管遭到了英国上流社会的反对，但却得到了广大读者的喜爱，一发表，很快就被译成多种文字，这部小说还多次搬上荧屏，给哈代带来了世界声誉。

　　在群山环抱的美丽而幽静的布蕾谷居住着德北一家，他们家境十分贫寒，老德北是一个乡下小贩，做着一点小买卖，全家9口人仅靠一匹老马耕种点土地来勉强维持生活。五月未的一个傍晚，在通往马勒村的路上，牧师崇干告诉德北一个没用的消息，他考证出德北原是当地古老的武士世家德伯氏的嫡系子孙。德北生性懒惰，又好喝酒，一得知自己出身名门，这天晚上他又喝得酩酊大醉。

　　由于父亲喝醉不能去送货，德北17岁的女儿苔丝勇敢地承担了替父亲赶集卖蜂窝的担子。谁知在赶集路上，她赶的马车与邮车相撞，老马被撞死，全家的生活来源没了着落。

　　苔丝为此感到痛苦和羞愧，为了帮助家庭摆脱生活困境，她听从了母亲的安排，去纯瑞脊一个有钱的德伯老太太那里认亲。德伯先生是英国北方的一个商人。他发财后，一心想在英国南方安家立业，做个乡绅。因此，他从博物馆里挑了“德伯”这个古老姓氏，冒充世族乡绅。这些情形，苔丝和她的父母一点也不知道。

　　德伯太太是个性格怪僻的瞎眼老太婆。她的儿子亚雷有20多岁，是个花花公子。他一看见美丽的苔丝，便打下了占有她的主意。他要苔丝去他家养鸡场养鸡。苔丝在纯瑞脊养鸡，完全受亚雷的驱使。她充满疑惧，处处拒绝他的段勤，却无法回避他。

　　9月里一个星期六的晚上，苔丝和她的同伴赶完集后返回村子。一群喝醉洒的女人肆意辱骂苔丝，苔丝又羞又恼，一心想赶快离开这群人，远远跟着的亚雷骑马上前，要苔丝上马离开，她不加思索地跨上了亚雷的马。他俩骑着马跑了一阵，亚雷早把马引向了远离纯瑞脊的岔道。
　　半夜1点钟，待苔丝发现时，他们已经来到英国很古老的一片树林围场。树林里昏暗多雾，根本辨不清方向和道路，苔丝十分恐惧，她想独自走回去，但这是办不到的。苔丝坐在一堆树叶上，亚雷去辨路。等他摸黑回来时，他绊着了一样东西。这模糊的灰白色正是穿着白色衣服躺在干树叶上的苔丝。亚雷伏身下去，他的脸触到她的脸。她正睡得很沉，睫毛上的眼泪还没干呢。昏暗和寂静笼罩了周围……

　　苔丝又气又恨，一个月后，挎着一个沉重的篮子，毅然离开了纯瑞，顺着山路往家走。苔丝回家后，把这件可怕的事情告诉了母亲，母亲惟一不安的只是亚雷不打算娶她，苔丝欲哭无泪，很快村里传开了有关苔丝的消息，并遭到了村里人的讥笑和背后议论，她躲在家里不敢出门。更糟糕的是，苔丝发现自己的身体发生了可怕的变化，不久，一个小生命来到了她的身边，但没过多久，孩子也死去了。

　　现在，她清楚地认识到：自己前面是一条漫长而崎岖的路，得自己一个人去跋涉，没有人同情，更没人帮助。想到这儿，她十分抑郁，恨不得面前出现一座坟墓，自己一头钻进里面去。她常常问自己，女人的贞洁真是一次失去了就永远失去了吗？一切有机体都有恢复原状的能力，为什么单单处女的贞洁就不能呢？她决定离开这个知道她的过去，使她感到窒息的家乡，到一个陌生的地方去开始她的新生活。

　　又一个春天来临了，苔丝又第二次离开家，到塔布篱牛奶厂当了一名挤奶的女工。这里风景如画，苔丝的心情十分愉悦，在这里，她认识了一个年轻人安玑·克莱。克莱是一个低教派牧师的儿子，他不愿继承父业做牧师而想务农当场主。他在牛奶厂学习挤奶技术，发现不爱言语的苔丝有许多与别的乡下姑娘不同的地方，并很快钟情于她，他觉得苔丝是一位美丽而天真无邪的少女，认定只有她是最完美的，于是就去注意她，接近她。

　　German uncle family's liver moss silk

　　Tows Mas Hardy

　　The novel "German Uncle Family's Liver moss Silk" is the
　　English renowned writer of fiction and poet Tuo Masi Hardy (1,840 -
　　1,928) the representative works, the Hardy youth once worked as the
　　architect, later has become the professional writer, lives
　　in the countryside, his novel all was the village theme, the total
　　autograph was "Prestige Secker the Si Novel", prestige Secker Si was
　　his hometown ancient name, his novel also mostly take this as
　　background.

　　This novel described the village girl liver moss silk pitiful bitter
　　experience which insults, the liver moss silk is wants to depend on
　　the simple and honorable girl which own both hands work makes a
　　living, pursues individual minimum happy right, but, society's might
　　influence such woman has not been able to let off continually, finally
　　has caused her tragedy. Novel intense counter- religion, antifeudal
　　moral, counter- bourgeoisie law tendency, in at that time although has
　　encountered the England upper circles of society's opposition, but
　　obtained reading public's affection actually, a publication, very
　　quickly on translates into the many kinds of writing, this novel also
　　many times moves the screen, has brought the world prestige to Hardy.

　　Beautifully surrounds but the lonesome and quiet cloth flower bud
　　valley in hills to live north Germany, their family circumstances are
　　extremely poor, north old Germany is a countryside peddler, is making
　　a small business transaction, entire family 9 person only depends on
　　nag cultivation land to maintain the livelihood reluctantly. In May
　　not an evening, in leads to the Mahler village on the road, pastor
　　honors dryly tells north Germany a useless news, he textually
　　researches north Germany originally is the local ancient warrior
　　aristocratic family Germany eldest brother direct descendant
　　descendants. North Germany the natural disposition is lazy, also good
　　drinks, as soon as knew oneself family background famous family, this
　　day evening he drinks is dead drunk.

　　Because the father gets drunk cannot go to deliver goods, north
　　Germany 17 year-old daughter liver moss silk bravely undertook went to
　　the market for the father sells the honeycomb the shoulder pole. Who
　　knows in goes to the market on the road, she catches up with the
　　horse-drawn vehicle and the postal vehicle bump into, the nag ,
　　entire family source of income not whereabouts.

　　The liver moss silk for this felt painful and is ashamed, in order to
　　help the family to get rid of the life difficult position, she obeyed
　　mother's arrangement, goes to a pure auspicious keel rich Germany
　　uncle old woman there to acknowledge as relatives. German uncle
　　gentleman is north part of an England's merchant. After he gets rich,
　　wants to set up a home and begin a career wholeheartedly south
　　England, makes a rural gentry. Therefore, he has selected "the German
　　uncle" from the museum this ancient surname, pretends to be the old
　　family rural gentry. These situations, the liver moss silk and her
　　parents did not know.

　　German uncle wife is the disposition eccentric blind old lady. Her son
　　Asia thunder has over 20 years old, is a dandy. He as soon as sees the
　　beautiful liver moss silk, then overcame held her idea. He wants the
　　liver moss silk to go to his domestic chicken house to raise chickens.
　　The liver moss silk raises chickens in the pure auspicious keel,
　　receives the Asian thunder completely urging. She fills the
　　apprehensions, everywhere rejects his section attendance, is unable to
　　avoid him actually.

　　In September a Saturday evening, after the liver moss silk and her
　　companion catch up with the collection to return to the village. A
　　crowd gets drunk the woman which sprinkles to insult the liver moss
　　silk recklessly, the liver moss silk shames 恼, wants quickly to
　　leave this group of person wholeheartedly, by far with the Asian
　　thunder rides a horse goes forward, to want the liver moss silk to
　　start leaves, on her without hesitation cross Asia thunder horse.
　　Those two ride a horse run, the Asian thunder coursed early the horse
　　have been far away the pure auspicious keel the crossing.
　　When midnight 1 o'clock, treats the liver moss silk discovery, their
　　already arrived an English very ancient woods yard. In woods dim
　　multi- fog, distinguishes the unclear direction and the path
　　radically, the liver moss silk fears extremely, she wants alone to
　　walk, but this is cannot accomplish. The liver moss silk sits on pile
　　of leaves, the Asian thunder distinguishes the road. Waits when he
　　groping comes back, he is stumbling the same thing. This fuzzy iron
　　grey is precisely puts on the white clothes to lie down in does on the
　　leaf the liver moss silk. Asian Lei Fushen gets down, his face touches
　　her face. She is resting very much sinks, on the eyelash tear has not done. Dim and has silent covered periphery... ...

　　The liver moss silk was mad hates, after a month, is carrying on the
　　arm a heavy basket, left pure Switzerland resolutely, is walking along
　　the mountain road toward the family. After the liver moss silk goes
　　home, only told the mother this fearful matter, the mother has been
　　restless only is the Asian thunder did not plan married her, the liver
　　moss silk wanted to cry but have no tears, in the very quick village
　　has spread the related liver moss silk news, and has encountered
　　the ridicule and behind discussed, she hid at home does not
　　dare to go out. Too bad is, the liver moss silk discovered own body
　　have had the fearful change, soon, a small life arrived her side, but
　　in a while, the child also died.

　　Now, she clearly realizes to: In front of own is long but the rugged
　　road, own climb mountains and cross rivers, nobody sympathy, nobody
　　help. Thinks of here front, she is extremely despondent, wishes one
　　could to appear a grave inside, own sneaks in. She asks frequently
　　oneself, woman's pure and chaste has really been time loses forever
　　has lost? All organisms all have restore the original condition the
　　ability, why can't the sole maiden's pure and chaste? She decided
　　leaves this to know her past, made her to feel suffocated the
　　hometown, started her new life to a strange place.

　　A spring approached, the liver moss silk second time leaves the
　　family, to the Taboo fence milk factory works as has milked female
　　worker. Here as beautiful as a painting, the liver moss silk mood is
　　extremely joyful, in here, she has known a young people peaceful
　　Claye. Claye is a low religious sect pastor's son, he is not willing
　　to inherit to be pastor but to want to work at farming
　　advocates on the scene. He milks the technology in the milk factory
　　study, discovered does not like the liver moss silk which says a word
　　having many with other countryside girl's different place, and very
　　quick Zhong Qingyu she, he thought the liver moss silk is beautiful
　　but the young girl, recognizes only then her is most
　　perfect, thereupon pays attention to her, approaches her.

侯艳玲

托马斯·哈代的长篇小说《德伯家的苔丝》是他的“性格与环境小说”中非常重要的一部。女主人公苔丝尽管聪明美丽、勤劳善良，但是作为被害者的她最终却被送上了绞架。这是为什么呢?下面将从三个方面来分析造成她悲剧命运的根源——当时的资本主义社会。

一、苔丝的悲剧首先来自社会。

在人与环境激烈的冲突中苔丝的命运必然是悲惨的。苔丝生活在英国资本主义侵袭到农村并毒化社会气氛的维多利亚时代。她虽然勤劳善良、聪明美丽；但作为一个劳动者，一个无权无钱的农业工人，社会地位低下，自然会受到资本主义社会的种种压迫和凌辱。随着资本主义的入侵，那些自食其力的占有少量土地和生产资料的农民，都不得不随之破产。苔丝家中的老马被邮车撞死后引起了家中经济生活的改变。在无路可走之下，苔丝不得不委身亚雷。可见，苔丝的悲剧命运和她的经济贫困紧密相连。这是其一。

其二，不公正的法律制度也是导致苔丝悲剧的一个因素。在资本主义社会里，法律制度都是以维护剥削阶级的利益和承认剥削阶级压迫人民的权力为前提的，是为维护其反动统治服务的。亚雷在乡野称霸，为非作歹，却受到法律的保护，而苔丝却被判处死刑。这正说明了资产阶级政治制度的反动性，表明下层阶级的小人物在社会中是不可能得到公正待遇的。

其三，苔丝的毁灭与伪善的宗教也紧密相连。亚雷这个伪善的人物揭露了伪善的宗教。他是依靠商业致富的资产者和暴发户，是一个“肉欲的人”。他设下圈套引诱了苔丝，却利用《圣经》的典故把责任推到苔丝身上。后来他还居然变成了一个劝人行善的牧师。可见，在资本主义社会，宗教只是反动统治阶级麻醉、欺骗和愚弄劳动人民的一种工具。马克思曾经指出：“基督教带有假仁假义的烙印。”宗教为资产阶级凌辱和玷污妇女提供了理论上的依据。

其四，苔丝也是资产阶级虚伪道德的牺牲品。作品中安玑就是资产阶级虚伪道德的体现者，他虽然是个有开明思想的知识分子，但他心理深层有一种根深蒂固的传统伦理道德观念。他自己也有过放荡行为，并得到苔丝的原谅，但他却不肯原谅原本无辜的苔丝。本阶级的印记仍深深地烙在他的灵魂深处：认为“身份不一样，道德观念也不一样。”他还用传统的贞操观来看待一个女人的纯结与否，对苔丝没有丝毫的同情，置苔丝于痛苦绝望之中，使苔丝又被迫回到亚雷的身边。安玑身上所体现出来的虚伪的资产阶级道德把苔丝推向了悲剧的深渊。 二、苔丝的悲剧也与她的性格有关

苔丝是哈代塑造的一个全新的妇女典型。她有着双重性格。一方面她敢于反抗传统道德和虚伪的宗教；另一方面又不能彻底摆脱传统道德对自身的羁绊。特别是后者与她的悲剧命运直接相关。

由于苔丝出身于一个农民家庭，残存于农民身上的某些旧道德和宿命观点使她在反抗传统道德时出现了软弱的一面。她在受到世俗舆论、传统道德迫害的同时，又用这一道德标准来静观自己，认为自己是有罪的。“她把自己看作一个罪恶的化身”“她老觉得全世界的人都在注意她的情形，不敢抬头见人”，她比别人更不能忘记自己的耻辱。苔丝正是这样用一张自己织成的道德罗网把自己束缚起来。其实，她的自我束缚意识有其深刻的历史基础，是整个社会意识的具体表现。苔丝作为一定历史时期的个人，必然会形成特定的历史时期的社会意识和道德观念，她的思想和行动也必然会受到时代和社会意识的制约。 三、苔丝的悲剧是必然的，不是偶然的和不可知的命运造成的

在作品中，哈代通过设置许多偶然巧合的情节让人感到苔丝的一生好像都由命运作祟，是命运把她一步步推向悲剧的结局。其实不然。因为偶然性与必然性紧密相连，偶然性是许多社会必然性与自然必然性的交叉点，是必然性的一种反映。生在资本主义社会的苔丝，其悲剧命运是社会规律的必然反映。

哈代在作品中用“一道深不可测的鸿沟”暗示了苔丝的悲剧是当时的社会造成的。他通过法律判处苔丝死刑的描写，把主人公毁灭的真正原因从神秘的命运移到了现实世界。卢那察尔斯基曾指出：天命是由各种社会情况、疾病、灾难等幻化出来的，同时它也是人们的一种心理现象。可见，导致苔丝悲剧的不是盲目的无从追究责任的命运，而是环境和社会的力量。

综上所述，苔丝的悲剧既有社会的因素，也与她的性格有关，但这些因素都与当时的资本主义社会有着直接的联系，是资本主义社会的种种反映。她的毁灭是必然的，是在资本主义社会中无法避免的。正如苏联文学批评家阿尼克斯特所说：“苔丝招致毁灭的真正原因是属于现实的性质，女主人公的贫苦和无依无靠，社会上盛行的社会风习——这些情况都决定了这个女子的悲惨命运。”这句话也正指出了苔丝悲剧的根源是当时资本主义社会。

苔藓丝很坚强,可是她到后来都没有和自己心爱的人在一起