南京到泰兴:请问英语有几种时态，能分别举几个列子吗？

简单说一下(详细的可参看<<薄冰英语语法>>)
一、现在一般时（现在时）：表经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态。如：I go to school every day. (我每天上学)He is always like that.（他总是那样）
二、过去一般时（过去时）：表过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。如：Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday.(汤姆昨天突然病了)
三、将来一般时（将来时）：表单纯的将来事实。如 He'll come next week.(他下周才来)
四、过去将来时：表在过去的将来某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。如：I thought you would take the chance.(我还以为你会去试试呢)
五、现在完成时：现在完成时跨在两个时间之上，一是过去，一是现在。它的动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响或结果。如：She has had a good education.(她受过良好的教育)
六、过去完成时。与现在完成时相似，但过去完成时的动作在过去某一个时间完成，就是说发生在“过去的过去”。如I had finished my homework before supper.(晚饭前我就已经完成了家庭作业)
七、将来完成时：表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。 如：I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.(我将在本周末前读完这本书)
八、现在进行时：表现在（说话人说话的这个时刻）正在进行的动作。如：What are you doing now?(你正在干什么呢？)
九、过去进行时。表过去某一时间正在进行的动作。如When I called him,he has having dinner.(我给他打电话的时候，他正在吃饭)
十、将来进行时：表将来某一时间正在进行的动作。如What will you be doing this time tomorrow?(明天的这个时候你会做什么？)
其他时态还有过去将来完成时、过去将来进行时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时、将来完成进行时，过去将来完成进行时。

二、动词的时态

英语的时态分为一般时态，进行时态，完成时态，完成进行时态，以下将详细讲述动词时态的各种用法。

一般现在时

简言之，一般现在时(The simple present tense)就是指用于“一般时间”的时态，也就是说，一般现在时可以用于表示现在时段、习惯性的动作；一般现在时还可用于陈述不受时限的客观存在；用一般现在时还可表示将来时间。

A.表示现在时段

一般现在时可用以陈述现在时段内发生或存在的事件、动作或情况。

例如:

My father works in a bank.

My parents live near Dover.

I don't usually work very hard.

Someone's at the door, Carol.

What do you think, Jane?

Father does not smoke.

B.表示习惯性的动作

使用一般现在时可以表示习惯性动作，即不断重复发生的事。

例如：

I get up at 7.

John smokes a lot.

He learns languages very quickly.

一般现在时与频度副词连用时，习惯性动作表现的更为明确。常见的频度副词有：always,ever, frequently, hardly,ever,never,occasionally, often rarely, seldom, sometimes,usually等。

例如：

I sometimes stay up till midnight.

She visits her parents every week.

He hardly makes a mistake when he works.

We rarely go hunting when it rains.

How often do you go to the dentist? -- I go every six months.

Do you ever eat meat? -- No, I never eat meat.

C.陈述不受时限的客观存在

一般现在时可以用来陈述不受时限的客观存在，所谓不受时限的客观存在是指客观真理、格言等不受时限的客观事实。例如，

Summer follows spring.

Gases expand when heated.

Water freezes at 32 Fahrenheit.

London stands on the River Thames.

Familarity breeds contempt.

Quality comes before quantity.

D.表示将来时间

当谈论时间表、节目单或日程表上已安排好的事情的时候，往往用一般现在时表示将来时间。例如，

The exhibition opens on January 1st and closes on January 31st.

The train arrives at 7:46.

I will be glad if it rains tomorrow.

当时间状语从句表示将来时，在till/ until,when等时间词语后，一般不用将来时，而用一般现在时。例如，

Wait until the rain stops.

Don't leave till I arrive.

I won't stop shouting until you let me go.

The Owners will move to a new flat when their baby is born.

I shall be on holiday till the end of September when I return.

Will you help me when the harvest time comes?

E.表述和声明

在谈话时，往往用一般现在时的状态动词和其它动词表示表述和声明。例如，

I hope/assume/suppose/promise she likes the flowers.

I bet it rains tomorrow.

It says that the police expect more trouble in the city.

I declare the exhibition open.

Note:

第三人称单数的拼法:

1.多数动词后面加s，如work/works,drive/drives,play/plays/run/runs.

2.以字母o,s,x,ch,sh结尾的动词后面加es，如do/does,miss/misses,mix/mixes,catch/catches,push/pushes.

3.动词末尾-y前为辅音时，则变-y为-i，再加-es, 如cry/cries.但在动词末尾的-y前为元音时，则只加-s，如，buy/buys,

say/says,obey/obeys。

现在进行时

A.表示正在进行的情况

现在进行时(The present progressive tense)由be的现在式+现在分词构成，表示说话时正在进行的动作或事件，常常与now,at the moment,just等副词连用。

例如，

Hurry up! We're all waiting for you.

Why are you crying? Is something wrong?

He's working at the moment, so he can't answer the phone.

What are you doing now? Could you do me a favor?

现在进行时可用于表示正在发展变化的动作或情况。例如，

The weather is getting better and better.

Britain's railway system is gradually being improved.

People are becoming less tolerant of smoking nowadays.

The river is flowing faster after last night's rain.

B.表示暂时情况

现在进行时可用于表述短期内正在进行的动作或存在的情况，例如，

My sister is living at home for the moment.

Why is that girl standing on the table?

I'm seeing a lot of Movie these days.

My cat is playing with a little dog.

C.表示将来

现在进行时可用于表述已安排好，近期内将要发生的活动或事件。例如，

We are spending next winter in Australia.

Are you doing anything special tonight?

用arrive,come,go,leave等动词的现在进行时描述行程安排，通常有“将到达”、“将离去”的意思。

Mr Cameron is leaving Tokyo in a few days.

He is arriving tomorrow morning on the 12-49 train.

D.重复的动作

副词always, constantly, continually, forever, perpetually, repeatedly等可与进行时连用，表示不断重复的动作,多含有不满或抱怨情绪。例如，

She's always borrowing money and forgetting to pay it back.

I'm always hearing strange stories about him.

Our burglar alarm is forever going off for no reason.

She is constantly compaining about the house.

He's continually asking me for money.

E.现在进行时还可用于表示刚刚过去的动作或表示婉转口气。例如，

What are you talking about?

Believe me! I'm telling the truth.

I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.

I'm wondering if I may have a word with you.

Note:

拼写法：动词后如何加-ing

1.大多数动词后可直接加-ing，而不需改变动词的拼写法。如：

beat/beating,carry/carrying,catch/catching,drink/drinking,

enjoy/enjoying,hurry/hurrying.

2.如果动词以-e结尾，则去掉-e再加-ing, 如: come/coming,

have/having, make/making,ride/riding,use/using.但以-ee结尾的动词除外：agree/agreeing,see/seeing.

3.如果动词只有一个元音字母，而其后只有一个辅音字母时，则将此辅音字母双写，再加-ing，如：hit/hitting,let/letting,put/putting,run/running,

sit/sitting.

4.如果动词有两个音节，且重音在第二个音节上，则末尾的辅音字母双写后加-ing，如forget/forgetting, prefer/preferring,

upset/upsetting.

5.以-ic结尾的动词，要先把 -ic变为 -ick，再加 - ing,如， panic/panicking,picnic/picnicking, traffic/trafficking.

6.以-ie结尾的动词，要先把-ie变为-y，再加 - ing,如，

lie/lying,die/dying,tie/tying.

一般过去时

一般过去时（The simple past tense）是最常用的用于谈论过去事件的时态，当我们讲述在特定过去时间中一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态时，通常用一般过去时。

A.已完成的动作

一般过去时通常表示过去发生而现在已经结束的事件、动作或情况，需要注意的是，一般过去时通常指动作何时发生，而不指动作持续多久。例如，

He walked into the bar and ordered a vokda and tonic.

I lived in London until I was fourteen.

When I was a child we always went to the seaside in August.

Tony phoned a moment ago.

The Goths invaded Rome in A.D.410.

I saw Fred this morning in town.

Did the telephone ring?

Jim punched me in the stomach.

B.表示现在时间和将来时间

在一些特定句型中，可用一般过去时表示现在或将来时间。主要有以下几种情况：

A) 用在if, as if, suppose等词后，表示猜测或与现在事实相反时。例如，

If I had the money now I'd buy a house.

If you went at about five o'clock tomorrow you could see him before he left the office.

If only I had more time!

You look as if you were just about to scream.

He looks as if he was terrified.

Suppose we spent next weekend in Brighton?

Suppose they didn't believe it, what should we do now?

B)用在It's time..., would rather,if only...等结构中，以及用在wish后，表主观设想。例如，

Ten o'clock -- it's time you went to bed.

It's time she washed that dress.

I'm getting tired -- it's time we went home.

Don't come tomorrow. I'd rather you came next weekend.

My wife would rather we didn't see each other any more.

‘ Shall I open the window?' -- 'I'd rather you didn't.'

I wish you hadn't done that.

I wish you didn't work so hard.

I wish you lived closer to us.

If only she would say what she thought, things would be easier.

If only he didn't drive so fast!

If only I saw him earlier.

C)有时，使用一般过去时可使口气更为礼貌或婉转。试比较下列例句：

Did you wish to come here now?

Do you wish to come here now?

I wondered if you were free this evening.

I wonder if you were free this evening.

I thought you might like some flowers.

I think you might like some flowers.

I hoped we could have dinner together.

I hope we could have dinner together.

Note:

规则的过去式的拼写法：

1.以-e结尾的动词加-d，如arrive/arrived, phone/phoned, smile/smiled,agree/agreed.

2.不以-e结尾的动词加-ed，如wait/waited, ask/asked, clean/cleaned, follow/followed, video/videoed.

3.有些动词只有一个元音字母，其后以一个辅音字母结尾，则将辅音字母双写，再加-ed，如，stop/stopped, beg/begged, rub/rubbed.

4.在双音节动词的后一个音节中，如其元音字母后接一辅音字母并重读时，则将辅音字母双写，再加-ed，如，occur/occurred, prefer/preferred, refer/referred.

5.如动词以-y结尾，而-y前为一辅音字母时，则变y为i再加-ed如，

cry/cried, carry/carried, deny/denied, fry/fried,try/tried.

过去进行时

过去进行时(The past progressive tense)由be的过去式 + 现在分词构成。其用法与现在进行时的用法有不少相似之处。

A.表示过去进行的动作：

过去进行时可以用来表示过去某时正在进行的情况或动作。例如：

I was living abroad in 1997, so I missed the general election.

Philippa was working on her essay last night.

What were you doing yesterday at ten o'clock.

When I got up this morning the sun was shining, the birds were singing.

Hilda was dancing, but when she saw me she stopped.

I was talking to the Prime Minister the other day.

B.在某事发生前开始的动作

过去进行时和一般过去时经常出现在同一个句子里，过去进行时表示过去正在进行的情况或动作，一般过去时则表示比较短暂的动作或事件。正在进行的动作往往由when, as, just as ,while引导，例如，

Just as I was leaving the house the phone rang.

Jane met Frank Sinatra when she was living in Hollywood.

I was running downstairs when I slipped and fell.

I broke a glass while I was cooking the dinner.

While I was fumbling for some money, my friend paid the fares.

The phone rang while I was having my breakfast as usual.

C.表示婉转语气

在用wonder,hope,think等词表达请求、希望、猜测等意思时，可以使用过去进行体，以使语气更为婉转。例如，

I was wondering if you could give me a lift.

I was wondering if you'd like to come out with me one evening.

I was hoping we could have dinner together.

I was thinking it might rain soon.

D.并行的动作

在用while或at the time (that)等强调同时进行的两种或几种动作时，可用过去进行时。例如，

While I was working in the garden, my wife was cooking the dinner.

While I was talking to my wife, she was making some fresh coffee for us.

At the time that he was working in a bank, his mother was living with him.

Note：

我们常用一般过去时而不是过去进行时来描述过去的重复性动作。例如，

I rang the bell six times.

(Not: I was ringing the bell six times.)

但是，如果重复性动作是主要动作的暂时性“背景”，则可以用过去进行时。例如，

At the time when it happened, I was seeing a lot of Belinda, and I was also going to the opera a lot.

有些动词不可以用于进行时态(请参看动态动词与静态动词)。

如：

I picked up a cake and bit a piece off to see how it tasted.

(Not:...was tasting.)

现在完成时

（The simple present perfect tense）是由have/has的现在式 + 过去分词构成的。规则动词的过去分词形式一般过去时相同，不规则动词则可能不同。

在英语中，现在完成时有两种用法：

1）表示开始于过去并持续到现在（也许还会持续下去）的动作。

2）表示在过去不确定的时间里发生过或未发生过的动作，该动作与想在有某种联系。

A.开始于过去并持续到现在的动作

当我们讲述开始于过去，并持续至现在或讲话时刚刚结束的动作时，经常使用现在完成时。例如，

I've planted fourteen rose-bushes so far this morning.

I've just tidied up the kitchen.

It's the most interesting book I've ever read.

I've often wondered where she gets her money.

B.已完成的动作或事件

当过去事件刚刚结束并对现在情况有较大影响时，常用过去完成时来讲述。例如，

The president has been assassinated.

Utopia has declared war on Fantasia.

I can't go on holiday because I've broken my leg.

Jason Villiers has been arrested.

C.与since和 for连用的现在完成时

since与for常与现在完成时连用，表示直到现在的时段。since + （时点）可用作：

�� 连词：Tom hasn't been home since he was a boy.

�� 副词：I saw Fiona in May and I haven't seen her since.

�� 介词：I've lived here since 1980.

“for + 时段”常与现在完成时连用，表示某事已经进行了多久。例如，

He's lived in London for ten years.

We've known each other for a long time.

She's worked here for 35 years.

一般过去完成时

过去完成时（The simple past perfect tense）由had + 过去分词构成。其主要用法是表示两个事件哪一个发生在前。如果仅仅是讲述发生在过去的事情，应该用一般过去时。例如，

The mother died.母亲去世了。

Her son came back.儿子回来了。

用不同的方式把这两个句子结合起来，可以表明它们不同的过去时间关系。

The mother died when her son came back.

儿子回来时，母亲去世了。（即母亲的去世是在儿子刚刚回来的时候）

The mother had died when her son came back.

儿子回来时，母亲已经去世了。（即母亲的去世是在儿子回来以前）

A.用于said,told等讲述性词语之后。

过去完成时经常用于asked, explained, said,told ，thought, wondered等讲述性词语后，表示在谈话或产生某种想法之前发生的事情。例如，

I asked if he had invited Mr Cary to the party.

I explained that I had left the documents in my office.

She said that she had met him once before.

I told them that I had done enough work for one day.

I thought I had sent the check a week before.

She wondered who had left the door open.

B.与when, after, as soon as, by the time等连词连用。

某些典型的连词常用在过去完成时之前，表示“较早的过去”，如after,as soon as, when,这些词往往内含因果关系。例如，

She didn't feel the same after her husband had died.

We cleared up as soon as our guest had left.

I did some gardening when I had written all my letters.

When I had washed the dog, it ran off into the bushes in disgust.

By the time I got downstairs, the telephone had stopped ringing.

By the time I recovered from the shock, he had disappeared.

When I had put the dog out, I locked the door and went to bed.

(Not: When I put the dog out, I locked ...)

C.常与过去完成时连用的副词

常与现在完成时连用的副词，如already,ever, for +(表时段的词),just,,never, never...before,before,since+(表时点的词)也常与过去完成时连用。例如，

The doctor arrived quickly, but the patient had already died.

He offered me a drink before I had taken off my coat.

She asked me if I had ever been in trouble with the police.

I had not seen him for a month.

He had just gone out when you came here.

Juliet was excited because she had never been to a dance before.

She had worked here since 1967.

D.表示未能实现的希望或愿望

我们可用expect,hope,mean,suppose, think , want,wish等动词的过去完成时来表示我们想做而未做的事情。

例如，

I had expected that we could share the hard time together.

I had hoped that we would be able to leave tome , but it's beginning to look difficult.

I had supposed that it was not the truth.

I had intended to make a cake, but I ran out of time.

I had wanted to stand by his side forever.

Note：

我们不一定非得用过去完成时表示过去先发生的事件，因为有时句意非常清楚。例如：

After I finished my work, I went home.

在关系从句中，动作的顺序往往十分清楚，例如：

I wore the necklace (which) my grandmother (had) left me.

我们通常用一般过去时表示依次发生的事件。例如：

I got out of the taxi, paid the fare, tipped the driver and dashed into the station.

Mary said some rather horrible things to me, I felt pretty upset, but tried not to think about it too much.

现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时

现在完成进行时(The present perfect progressive) 由have/has been +-ing分词构成；过去完成进行时（The past perfect progressive tenses）由had been +-ing分词构成．

现在／过去完成进行时的用法：

A.在某段时间内一直进行的动作

用现在完成进行时来强调动作在某段时间里的持续性．动作通常有”现在”的结果，要根据上下文来确定到”现在”为止，动作是否还在继续进行．例如：

She's been typing letters all day.

I've been sitting in the garden for an hour.

We've been living here for ten years.

Who's been eating my dinner?

同样，过去完成进行时表示在过去更早的时间内进行的动作，并对过去某一时刻产生结果．例如：

When I first met Ann, she had been working for Exxon for 7 years.

When she arrived I had been waiting for three hours.

I realized that I'd been overworking, so I decided to take a couple of days' holiday.

It had been raining for 3 hours before I shut the window.

"持续性动词"可用一般时形式，也可用进行时形式，唯一的区别是进行时更强调动作的持续性．例如：

We've been living here for ten years.

We've lived here for ten years.

She'd been working for Exxon for 7 years.

She had worked for Exxon for 7 years.

I had been waiting for three hours.

I had waited for three hours.

B.表示重复动作的现在／过去完成进行时

我们可以用完成进行时形式来表示现在或过去经常重复的动作．例如：

Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for the last week.

1.现在一般时
I work.
2.过去一般时
I worked.
3.将来一般时
I shall work.
4.过去将来一般时
I should work.
5.现在完成时
I have worked.
6.过去完成时
I had worked.
7.将来完成时
I shall have worked.
8.过去将来完成时
I should have worked.
9.现在进行时
I am working.
10.过去进行时
I was working.
11.将来进行时
I shall be working.
12.过去将来进行时
I should be working.
13.现在完成进行时
I have been working.
14.过去完成进行时
I had been working.
15.将来完成进行时
I shall have been working.
16.过去将来完成进行时
I should have been working.