玉面小嫣然画心:关于被动语态

被动语态

谓语动词的语态表示句子的主语和谓语动作之间的关系-1）当句子的主语是谓语动作的执行者时，主、谓之间的关系称为主动语态；2）当句子的主语是谓语动作的承受者时，主、谓之间的关系称为被动语态。例如：
I teach English.（主动语态）我教英语。
Our English is taught by him.（被动语态）我们的英语是由他教的。
He speaks English.（主动语态）他说英文。
English is spoken in many countries all over the world.（被动语态）世界许多国家都讲英语。
在被动语态的句子中，谓语部分的结构是be + p.p.（过去分词）。被动语态的句子有时态的变化，这个变化反映在be动词上。也就是说，把一个句子做成被动语态的句子，只需要写出BE动词的所需时态，再加上所给动词的过去分词就行了。当然，这只是指谓语部分而言。我们知道，be动词作为一个独立的谓语动词有自己现在分词（being）和过去分词 （been）。那么，下面我们来看看be在各种时态中的变化形式：
一般现在时 am / is / are
一般过去时 was / were
一般将来时 shall / will + be
过去将来时 would / should + be
现在进行时 am / is / are + being
过去进行时 was / were + being
现在完成时 have / has + been
过去完成时 had + been
说明：1）以上的八个时态可用于被动式，其它没有列举的时态都不宜用于被动语态的句子中。2）另外，表中被斜线隔开的词表示，供根据具体情况作选择。弄清楚了be在各种时态中的变化形式以后，我们就能很轻松地写出被动语态的各种时态了。我们可看看下面的实例：
English is spoken in many countries all over the world .（一般现在时）
世界上许多国家都讲英文。
Some TV sets for sale in the department store were stolen last night. （一般过去时）
那家商场用来出售的部分电视机昨晚被盗。
He won't be allowed, by his father, to marry Larra. （一般将来时）
他父亲不会让他娶拉拉为妻的。
They would be sent to the army when they finished the training. （过去将来时）
他们结束训练时将被派往部队。
The project is being carried out.（现在进行时）
这个计划正在执行中。
The case was being investigated then.（过去进行时）
那时这案子正在调查中。
This novel has been translated into several languages.
（现在完成时）这本小说已被译成了几种语言。
They said that production costs had been reduced.
（过去完成时）他们说生产成本已经下降了。

这里我们还要进一步谈谈几种特殊的被动结构。

1）关于带情态动词的被动结构
带情态动词的被动结构的固定句式为"情态动词 + be + 过去分词"。也有个别带"to"的情态动词例外，如：ought to和have to ，它们的被动结构就只能在不定式中。例如：
The debt must be paid off before next month.
那笔债务必须在下个月前付清。
The debt has to be paid off before next month.
那笔债务必须在下个月前付清。
Oil can be turned into energy by burning it. 油经过燃烧可变为能原。
You ought to be criticized for your carelessness.
你由于粗心大意应当受到批评。

2) 关于带有两个宾语的主动态变成被动态
我们先来看看"带有两个宾语的主动态句子的结构"，重点看谓语部分 ：
She sent me a novel on my birthday .
主 谓 间接宾语 直接宾语 状语
I allowed him an hour to finish the work .
主 谓 间接宾语 直接宾语 状语
从上面的分析可以看出，两个宾语分别是：直接宾语和间接宾语。将这种主动态的句子变成被动态的句子，可选两个宾语中的任何一个作为被动态句子的主语，而将另一个宾语作为"保留宾语"写入被动态的句中。但有一点要说明，那就是，如果你选直接宾语作"主语"，有时要在被动态句子的"保留宾语"前加上合适的介词。因为这些动词常有两种句式，即：我们可以说give sb sth , send sb sth , buy sb sth ；我们也可以说give sth to sb, send sth to sb , buy sth for sb 。请看下面两种情况的对照：
She sent me a novel on my birthday. (主动)
I was sent a novel on my birthday. (被动)
A novel was sent to me on my birthday. (被动)
My brother bought me a watch yesterday. (主动)
I was bought a watch yesterday. (被动)
A watch was bought for me by my brother yesterday. (被动)

3)关于带有复合宾语的主动态变成被动态
如果将带有复合宾语（既：宾语 + 宾语补足语）的主动态的句子变成被动态的句子，我们只能选择原来句子的宾语作被动态句子的主语；而这时，原句里的宾语补足语现在就变成被动态句子的"主语补足语"了。例如：
The story made us laugh .(宾语补足语)
We were made to laugh by the story. (主语补足语)
They asked me to help them. (宾语补足语)
I was asked to help them. (主语补足语)
We saw them coming over. (宾语补足语)
They were seen coming over. (主语补足语)

被动语态练习（ 2 ）
用动词 show 的被动语态填空
1). I know a new film______________ at the cinema every week
2). I know a new film _____________ at the cinema last week.
3). I know a new film _____________ at the cinema these days.
4). I know a new film _____________ at the cinema at eight last night
5). I know a new film _____________ at the cinema recently
.6). I know a new film _____________ at the cinema by the end of last week
7). I know a new film _____________ at the cinema in two days
8). I knew a new film __________at the cinema soon after they got the copy ( 拷贝).
9). I knew a new film _____________ at the cinema every week.
10) I knew a new film _____________ at the cinema the next week.
11) I knew a new film __________at the cinema while we were standing in line for tickets.
12) I knew a new film ________just _________ at the cinema .

BE动词+动词(过去分词)
如:She was killed by him.
但有些动词也没有被动.
如:Happen……

被动语态的构成

被动语态的构成形式为“be＋动词的?ED分词”，随时态的不同，“be”发生相应的变化，下表是be在英语八种被动时态中的变化形式

现在am，is，are + told
完成have(has) been + told
进行am，is，are + being told

过去was，were+told
过去完成had been + told
过去进行was，were + being told

将来
will(shall) be + told

过去将来
would(should) be + told

II被动语态的用法

一、当我们不知道动作的执行者时

1) Colorful posters were in San Francisco in the 1960s to publicize rock shows.

〔A〕 print
〔B〕 prints
〔C〕 printed
〔D〕 printing

2) The main 〔A〕 stream of a river frequently is dividing 〔B〕 into two or more 〔C〕 branches near its mouth 〔D〕 .

二、当我们不必要指出动作的执行者时

3) The tenor drum(小鼓) is used primarily in military bands and is normally with small felt sticks.

〔A〕 play
〔B〕 played
〔C〕 to play
〔D〕 playing

4) I’ll take down your name and address in case you as a witness.

〔A〕 are needed
〔B〕 will be needed
〔C〕 need
〔D〕 will need

5) Cottage cheese， an American favorite 〔A〕 ， can made easily 〔B〕 at home 〔C〕 from milk 〔D〕 ，lemon， juice， and salt.

三、当我们强调或侧重动作的承受者时,这时我们通常用by引出动作的执行者

6) The seating of musicians in an orchestra is arranged to produce the desired blend of sounds from the various musical sections.

A the conductor of
B from the conductor
C the conductor and
D by the conductor

7) The bridge was hitting 〔A〕 by a large ship during 〔B〕 a sudden 〔C〕 storm last 〔D〕 week.

四、“get＋ed分词”的被动语态,这时习惯固定用法，这种结构往往更强调动作的结果而非动作的本身

8) “Your daughter has two children, doesn’t she?”
“That’s right. She in 1970.”

〔A〕 did marriage
〔B〕 was married
〔C〕 had married
〔D〕 got married

9) Supposing you five bottles of beer, do you think you would get drunk?

〔A〕 were drinking
〔B〕 have drunk
〔C〕 were to drink
〔D〕 drink

五、主动形式表示被动意义,如某些系动词如cook, feel, prove, smell和taste等其主动语态表示被动的意义

10) The patted?shoes that my wife bought me comfortable.

〔A〕 felt
〔B〕 feels
〔C〕 was felt
〔D〕 is felt

11) As 〔A〕 the proverb says 〔B〕 , “ Good medicine is tasted 〔C〕 bitter to 〔D〕 the mouth.”

六、没有被动语态的词， 表示状态或特征的及物动词如contain, cost, fit, have, lack, suit等没有被动形式，另外，诸如happen, occur, take place, break out 等不及物动词或短语以及诸如result from(缘于)，belong to, consist of等只用主动语态，而不用被动语态

12) Some critics maintain that when 〔A〕 a work of literature is lacked 〔B〕 reference to 〔C〕 the general experience of mankind， it fails as art 〔D〕 .

13) The book that I bought 〔A〕 the day before 〔B〕 yesterday is costed 〔C〕 me twenty and a half yuan 〔D〕 .

〔注〕除此之外，某些词如反身代词和相互代词以及?ING和不定式不能作为被动语态的主语；某些被动语态没有相应的主动语态如“I was born in 1966.”。另外有些?ED分词已失去了被动的含义，它们和主语及“be”一起构成了主系表结构，如：be interested in, be concerned about, be based upon, be qualified for, be surprised at 等。穿着某种颜色的衣服一般说“be dressed in”，而不说“dress black clothes”， 但可以说“wear black clothes”。这些请大家在复习过程中也应加以注意。

七、例题解析

1) C为正确答案。我们不清楚是谁印的“彩色海报”。

2) B错，改为is divided。具体是谁把它分成两三个分支，我们并不知道。

3) B对。其实演奏小鼓的应是军乐队的人，但我们没必要提出来。

4) B为正确答案。“我”或“他人”需要“你”做证人，但“我”或“他人”没必要指出来，这里强调的是“需要”动作的承受者，而不是动作的使动者，所以用被动语态。

5) B错，改为can be made easily。制这种cottage cheese(酪农干酪)的人是家庭主妇或是做饭的人，这里我们也没必要指出。

6) D对。这里强调的是“交响乐中乐队队员的座位”是由指挥来安排的。这里不强调指挥，所以用被动语态。

7) A错。改为was hit。这里强调的是“桥”被撞坏后的情况，所以用被动语态，被动语态的构成是“be＋?ED分词”，而不是“…＋?ING”分词，所以A错。如果只表述“撞”这件事，那就不用被动语态。

8) D为正确答案。这里不选B就是因为get＋?ED分词是惯用法。假设在没有D的情况下是可以选B的。

9) C为正确答案。我们需要说明的是句末的“you would get drunk”是惯用法，同时也是虚拟语气。那么虚拟式中的条件句应该用“be＋动词原形”表示将来，所以选C(关于虚拟语气将在下一章讲述)。

10) B为正确答案。这里的“穿起来舒服”是人穿起来舒服，那么鞋只能是被穿，但如果有上述系动词作谓语，英语习惯上用主动表示被动。

11) C错。改为tastes。“良药苦口”的“药”是被人吃的，但英语在由taste做谓语时也用主动语态表示被动。

12) B错。 改为lacks，因为lack没有被动语态。

13) C错。改为costs。

III 不同时态下的被动语态

一、一般现在时的被动语态

1) When overall exports 〔A〕 exceed imports 〔B〕 ， a country said 〔C〕 to have a trade 〔D〕 surplus.

2) Are all telephone numbers in the directory?

〔A〕 list
〔B〕 listed
〔C〕 listing
〔D〕 being listed

二、一般过去时的被动语态

3) The first zoological garden 〔A〕 in the United States 〔B〕 had estabilshed 〔C〕 in Philadelphia in 1874 〔D〕 .

4) Pluto， the outermost planet of the solar system， photographically in March 1930.

〔A〕 discovered
〔B〕 was discovered
〔C〕 by discovery
〔D〕 when discovered

三、一般将来时的被动语态

5) My pictures until next week.

〔A〕 won’t develop
〔B〕 aren’t developing
〔C〕 don’t develop
〔D〕 won’t be developed

6) Upon your graduation from school, how well will you for the job that lies ahead?

〔A〕 prepare
〔B〕 prepared
〔C〕 be prepared
〔D〕 are prepared

四、现在完成时的被动语态

7) Farm animals 〔A〕 have been regardless 〔B〕 by nearly all societies as a valuable 〔C〕 economic resource 〔D〕 .

8) How many wounded 〔A〕 soldiers are left out 〔B〕 there who haven’t operated 〔C〕 on 〔D〕 yet?

五、过去完成时的被动语态

9) Experiments in the photography of moving objects in both the United States and Europe well before 1900.

A have been conducting
B were conducting
C had been conducted
D being conducted

10) Gregory told Mary that he what he was doing during the vacation.

〔A〕 had just been asked
〔B〕 had just asked
〔C〕 was just asked
〔D〕 just asked

六、现在进行时的被动语态

11) The advantages of computerized typing 〔A〕 and editing 〔B〕 are now being extending 〔C〕 to all the written 〔D〕 languages of the world.

12) Conservative philosophers argue 〔A〕 that the very structure of society is threatening 〔B〕 by civil disobedience， while 〔C〕 humanists stress 〔D〕 the primacy of the individual conscience.

七、将来完成时的被动语态

13) Radio represtents a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum and more types of radio?waves early by next century anywhere in the Galaxy.

〔A〕 discovers
〔B〕 will discover
〔C〕 will have discovered
〔D〕 will have been discovered

八、被动结构句子中，动作的执行者由介词by引导短语

14) A letter of credit is often used to 〔A〕 companies to finance 〔B〕 the movement 〔C〕 of goods 〔D〕 between countries.

15) All sewing was done with 〔A〕 hand until 〔B〕 the invention of 〔C〕 the sewing machine in 〔D〕 the nineteenth century.

16) The ceremony 〔A〕 of marriage in the 〔B〕 United States can be 〔C〕 performed from 〔D〕 a justice of the peace.

九、例题解析

1) C错。被动语态的构成为“be＋?ED分词”，故C应改为“(a) country is said”，由于是一般现在时，故be相应地变为is。

2) B为正确答案。空档处缺的是?ED分词。

3) C错。 应改为was established。 这时表示过去(in 1874)的被动语态。
4) B为正确答案。(理由同上)
5) D为正确答案。
6) C为正确答案。当“prepare”做“使有准备，为…做准备”讲时，一般用被动语态，如：Be prepared against war, be prepared against natural disaster, and do everthing for the people. 备战备荒为人民。 be well prepared for sth. 对做某事有充分准备。 prepare sb. to hear the news 使某人对这消息有思想准备。
7) B错。改为regarded。be regarded as “被当做”，用被动语态，再者，B后有被动语态引导使动者的介词by。
8) C错。改为have not been operated。这里who引导的是定语从句修饰“soldiers”，同时它也是soldiers的先行词。伤兵是被做手术，所以用被动语态。
9) C对。“实验”(experiments)只能被人做，故只能用被动语态，符合此条件的只有C，而D 构成上有误。本句的时间状语为“before 1900”，因此从时态上说选C，应当用过去完成时。
10) A为正确答案。因为主句谓语动词用了过去式，宾语从句中应该用过去完成时，同时又是被动语态，所以选A。
11) C错。改为?ED分词“extended”，本句为现在进行时的被动语态，故其构成为“am／is／are being＋?ED分词”。
12) B错。本句应用被动语态，因为“社会结构(structure of society)”本身不可能发出“威胁”这个动作， 它只能受到外界的威胁，注意后面“by短语”的提示，故B应改为“is being threatened”(现在进行时被动态) ，也可改为“is threatened”(一般现在时被动态) 。
13) D为正确答案。这里指的是“无线电波”能体现出大部分电磁信号频谱，到下世纪初，更多的……。到那一时刻业已能做的事，要用将来完成时，又是被动语态，所以选D。
14) A错。改为“used by ”，因为“companies(公司) ”是使用“letter of credit(信用证) ”的行为者，故应用表行为者的介词“by”。
15) A错。 改为by。
16) D错。 改为performed by。

IV 被动语态的特殊结构

一、情态动词的被动结构由“情态动词＋be＋?ED分词”构成

1) Ground plans and contour(等高线) maps of the Earth from aerial photographs.

〔A〕 can be drawn
〔B〕 can draw
〔C〕 to draw
〔D〕 drawn

2) When 〔A〕 a spinning ball bounces， some of 〔B〕 the energy contained in its rotation can transferr 〔C〕 to its energy of forward motion 〔D〕 .

3) Orchestral instruments under the following types：strings，woodwind， brass， and percussion(打击乐器组).

〔A〕 grouped
〔B〕 can group
〔C〕 can be grouped
〔D〕 to be grouped

二、成语动词的被动语态

这里的成语动词包括“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”和“动词＋副词＋介词”

4) After a heated 〔A〕 discussion for 〔B〕 a long time that afternoon, a suggestion putted forward 〔C〕 by 〔D〕 the head of the committee.

5) It was quite obvious that 〔A〕 those problems were never paid 〔B〕 attention 〔C〕 by 〔D〕 designers.

三、主动语态与被动语态的混淆

6) Highly precise 〔A〕 measurements have been shown 〔B〕 that variation in 〔C〕 the Earth’s rotation is largely controlled by climatic conditions 〔D〕 .

7) Great changes in the city, since the reform and opening to the outside world, and a lot of factories .

〔A〕 have been taken place, have been set up
〔B〕 have taken place, have been set up
〔C〕 have taken place, have set up
〔D〕 were taken place, were set up

8) Mild forms of exercise can some of the loss of flexibility that accompanies aging.

〔A〕 stop
〔B〕 to stop
〔C〕 stopping
〔D〕 be stopped

四、例题解析

1) A为正确答案。

2) C错。本题含有情态动词，由于主语(energy)与谓语动词(can transfer)之间存在着被动关系，所以，本句C处应改为“can be transferred”。

3) C对。判断主被动语态，关键要看主语能否发出谓语动词的动作。本句的主语“乐器”显然不能自己“分组”，而是被分为…。故用被动态。

4) C错。改为was putted forward。

5) C错。改为attention to。pay attention to是一固定词组，不能丢失小品词to。

6) B错。改为“have shown”。原句主句选用了现在完成时的被动语态，而主语“测量结果”分明能自己显示“show”，故应用主动语态才对。全句译为：“高度精确的测量结果显示地球转动的变化主要受气候条件的控制。”

7) B对。take place是不及物动语短语，它的主语为事或物，故用主动语态，因为有since 介词短语，所以这里用完成时，不用过去时。后半句主语factories 与谓语set up之间的关系是被动关系，故用被动语态，B 为正确答案。

8) A对。和上例相同，主语“锻炼”本身也能起到“stop…flexibility”的作用，故应选主动语态。