光明寺在哪里:Distinguish between the structure of crystalline and non-crystalline solids

The solid material is divided into the crystal and non- crystals.See up from the macro view, the crystals all have the special oneself and present the symmetrical shape, if the table salt presents the cube;The ice presents the hexangular prism;The alum presents octahedron etc..Rather than the shape of the crystal is then irregular.The crystal has the different physical property on the different direction, such as the machine strength, transmit heat sex, hot inflation, electrical conductivity etc., be called each to opposite sex.Rather than the physical property but performances of the crystal are each toward same sex.The crystal fixs of melt the temperature- 熔 to order( or freezing point), rather than the crystal then goes up with the temperature gradually from hard become soft, but melt.

Crystal and non- crystal so imply the different physical property, mainly is because of its tiny view structure dissimilarity.The particle- atom that constitutes the crystal is a symmetry alignment of, becoming several very regular spaces to order.The space orders an alignment to become the different shape, present for the crystal different special and several shapeses on the macro view.Constitute of some each atom of, all the interaction wear, their function is mainly static electricity dint.To each atom, total result of other atoms to its function, make them all been placed in certainly lowest appearance of ability, therefore settled, on the macro view the performance fixs for the shape, and not easy change.The crystal alignment of the internal atom regularity, caused the crystal each to different physical property.For example the rule of the atom arranges and can make crystal internal to appear some 晶s to face, the 3 table salt of the cube run parallel with its side face flat surface.If the outside dint follows the direction function that the parallel 晶 face, then crystal glide( transform) very easily, this kind of transforms to still recover not easily, being called the 范 of the crystal.Can see follow the direction that 晶 face from the here, its flexible limit is small, want ～only slightly more dint, outran its flexible limit, can't make it restore to original;But follow other directions then the flexible limit is big very, can bear the bigger pressure, pull the dint but still satisfy tiger gram laws.When the crystal absorbs the calories, arranging the 疏密 dissimilarity because of the different direction atom, is apart from the dissimilarity, the calories that absorb how much also different, hence performance for have to transmit heat the coefficient and coefficient of expansions differently.

It is the even alignment that the atom has no rule that the inner part of the non- crystal constitute, have no a direction more special than another direction, arrange like the member in the liquid, the form does not become the space to order, the past performance is each toward same sex.

When the crystal absorbs the calories from the external world, the average kinetic energy of its internal member, atom enlarge, the temperature also starts go up, but don't break its space to order, still keeping the regularity alignment.Continue to absorb the heat to attain When the certain temperature- 熔 order, the violent degree of its member, the atom sport can break the alignment of its regularity, the space orders to also start disintegrate, hence the crystal starts become the liquid.In crystal from the solid to the conversion process of the liquid, the calories absorb uses to come to a the part a partly to break the crystal of space orders, so the temperature of the solid liquid mixture does not go up.After crystal melts completely, along with absorb the calories from the external world, the temperature starts go up again.Rather than crystal because of the alignment anomaly of the member, atom, do not need to break its space to order after absorbing the calories, use only to raise the average kinetic energy, so when absorb the calories from the external world, then from hard become soft, become the liquid finally.The glass, loose joss-stick, asphalt and rubber is a familiar non- crystal.

The solid crystal of the most belongs to many crystals( also call reply the crystal), it is constitute by the single crystal.This kind of constitute what way is to have no rule, the mindset dissimilarity of the each single crystal.Although the each single crystal still keeps the original characteristic, many crystals are in addition to having the fixed 熔 to order, other macroscopic physics characteristic no longer exist.This is because constitute the single crystal of many crystals to still keep the alignment of the member, the atom regularity, the temperature can not reach the fusion temperature will not break its space to order, past still exist to fuse the temperature.But the macroscopic property of other aspects, then because many crystals are to is had no the rule by a great deal of single crystal to arrange of, the characteristic that single crystal everyone heading up equally after, there is no a direction compare another direction even gains advantage up, so become each toward same sex.Various metals belongs to many crystals.The special shape that they didn't fix, performance is each to same sex.

固态物质分为晶体和非晶体。从宏观上看，晶体都有自己独特的、呈对称性的形状，如食盐呈立方体；冰呈六角棱柱体；明矾呈八面体等。而非晶体的外形则是不规则的。晶体在不同的方向上有不同的物理性质，如机械强度、导热性、热膨胀、导电性等，称为各向异性。而非晶体的物理性质却表现为各向同性。晶体有固定的熔化温度—熔点（或凝固点），而非晶体则是随温度的升高逐渐由硬变软，而熔化。

晶体和非晶体所以含有不同的物理性质，主要是由于它的微观结构不同。组成晶体的微粒——原子是对称排列的，形成很规则的几何空间点阵。空间点阵排列成不同的形状，就在宏观上呈现为晶体不同的独特几何形状。组成点阵的各个原子之间，都相互作用着，它们的作用主要是静电力。对每一个原子来说，其他原子对它作用的总效果，使它们都处在势能最低的状态，因此很稳定，宏观上就表现为形状固定，且不易改变。晶体内部原子有规则的排列，引起了晶体各向不同的物理性质。例如原子的规则排列可以使晶体内部出现若干个晶面，立方体的食盐就有三组与其边面平行的平面。如果外力沿平行晶面的方向作用，则晶体就很容易滑动（变形），这种变形还不易恢复，称为晶体的范性。从这里可以看出沿晶面的方向，其弹性限度小，只要稍加力，就超出了其弹性限度，使其不能复原；而沿其他方向则弹性限度很大，能承受较大的压力、拉力而仍满足虎克定律。当晶体吸收热量时，由于不同方向原子排列疏密不同，间距不同，吸收的热量多少也不同，于是表现为有不同的传热系数和膨胀系数。

非晶体的内部组成是原子无规则的均匀排列，没有一个方向比另一个方向特殊，如同液体内的分子排列一样，形不成空间点阵，故表现为各向同性。

当晶体从外界吸收热量时，其内部分子、原子的平均动能增大，温度也开始升高，但并不破坏其空间点阵，仍保持有规则排列。继续吸热达到一定的温度——熔点时，其分子、原子运动的剧烈程度可以破坏其有规则的排列，空间点阵也开始解体，于是晶体开始变成液体。在晶体从固体向液体的转化过程中，吸收的热量用来一部分一部分地破坏晶体的空间点阵，所以固液混合物的温度并不升高。当晶体完全熔化后，随着从外界吸收热量，温度又开始升高。而非晶体由于分子、原子的排列不规则，吸收热量后不需要破坏其空间点阵，只用来提高平均动能，所以当从外界吸收热量时，便由硬变软，最后变成液体。玻璃、松香、沥青和橡胶就是常见的非晶体。

多数的固体晶体属于多晶体（也叫复晶体），它是由单晶体组成的。这种组成方式是无规则的，每个单晶体的取向不同。虽然每个单晶体仍保持原来的特性，但多晶体除有固定的熔点外，其他宏观物理特性就不再存在。这是因为组成多晶体的单晶体仍保持着分子、原子有规则的排列，温度达不到熔解温度时不会破坏其空间点阵，故仍存在熔解温度。而其他方面的宏观性质，则因为多晶体是由大量单晶体无规则排列成的，单晶体各方向上的特性平均后，没有一个方向比另一个方向上更占优势，故成为各向同性。各种金属就属于多晶体。它们没有固定的独特形状，表现为各向同性。