九方空包网:虚拟语气

http://www.4english.com.cn/grammar/fw_yssxf.htm

虚拟语气
在英文句子中，谓语动词的语气是用来表示说话人对所讲内容的态度、看法以及心情等。

英文句子中谓语动词的语气有三种：
A）直陈语气（The Indicative Mood）直陈语气用于直截了当地陈述事实、描述状态：
He has published quite a number of essays this year .他今年已发表了好几篇论文。
B) 祁使语气（The Imperative Mood）
祁使语气用于提出请求、命令、建议或是劝告等：
Wait outside until you are asked . 请在外面等候，请你进再进去。
Let's just take a break, shall we ? 我们休息一会儿，好吗？
C) 虚拟语气（The Subjunctive Mood）
虚拟语气用于表示主观愿望和假设的虚拟情况。虚拟语气不太顾及事实的存在，它表现出说话人的主观因素比较多。所以说话人所讲的内容往往是与事实相反的；或是其实现的可能性微乎其微，甚至于没有实现的可能性。当然，有时为了使说话的语气客气、缓和、委婉，也使用虚拟语气。例如：
I wish you were more careful .但愿你更细心一些。
If I had more money, I would buy a bigger apartment.
我要是有再多一点钱，我就买一套更大一些房子。
Would you mind shutting the door ? 劳驾您把门关上。
用于非真实条件句中的虚拟语气

条件句分为两种：真实条件句和非真实条件句。
与现在事实相违背
If I had time, I would certainly join you in the tennis match. （事实是：我没有时间）我要是有时间肯定和你一起打这场网球比赛。
If I were you, I would put her suggestion into account.（事实是：我并不是你）我要是你，我会考虑她的建议的。

与过去事实相违背
If I hadn't been caught by something, I would have come to your party yesterday.(事实是：我昨天被某些事缠住了)
我昨天要不是被些事缠住了，我就会去参加你们的聚会了。
If he had taken my advice, he might not have made such a bad mistake.
（事实是：他没有听我的建议）要是他听进了我的劝告就不会犯这么严重的错误了。
与未来事实相违背
If I should have a chance to try it, I would do it in another way.
（假设的情况不大可能发生）要是我有机会试一试，我会用另一种方法做的。
Even if they were to fail, they wouldn't lose courage.
（说话人不希望假设的情况发生）即使他们万一失败，他们也不会泄气。

熟悉并掌握好下面的基本句式：

条件从句 主句
与现在事实相违背 过去式（动词是BE用were） Should / would + 动词原形
与过去事实相违背 had + 过去分词 would / should + have +过去分词
与未来事实相违背 1) should + 动词原形
2) were + 动词不定式
3) 过去式（动词是BE也可以用were） would / Should + 动词原形

1. 省略If的几种情况

1）当条件状语从句的谓语部分含有had、should、或were时，就将这样的词had、should、或were搬到句首把句子写成倒装句而将连词if省略。例如：
If you were the manager here, what would you do?
Were you the manager here, what would you do? 你若是这里的经理，你会怎么办？
If he should act like that again, he would be fired immediately.
Should he act like that again, he would be fired immediately. 要是他再那样做，他会被立即解雇的。

2) 由某些介词短语取代了if引导的条件状语从句。例如：
Without air, there would be no life on the earth. 要是没有空气，地球上就不会有生命了。
But for your help, the little boy would have been drowned. 要是没有你们的帮助，那个小男孩早就淹死了。
We could have done the work better in that case. 要是那样的话，我们本可以把工作干得更好一些的。

3) 由上下文的交代而省略了if引导的条件状语从句。在这种情况下，上下文事实上就是一个表示违背事实的条件句。上下文如果是由一个句子介绍的，那么这个取代了if条件状语从句的句子应该用直陈语气；而起主句作用的句子则要用虚拟语气。例如：
He would have come to see you earlier but he just came back from his business trip .（本句中的上下文是：but he just came back from his business trip，表示：要是他在家没出差的话）他本来早就来看你了，可他却出差刚刚回来。
But that you helped me, I would have failed in the experiment. （本句中的上下文是：But that you helped me，表示：要不是有你帮助我）要没有你帮助我，我的试验本做不成功的。

2. 虚拟语气用于某些从句中的情况：

1）在主语从句中
在It + be +形容词/ 名词 + that从句的结构中，由于某些形容词/ 名词的原因，that从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟式"should + 动词原形"或是"动词原形"。
这类形容词/ 名词常见的有：essential（绝对必要的）, important（重要的）, advisable（明智的）, desirable（希望能够的）, imperative（必须的）, natural（自然的）, necessary必要的）

虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测， 建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。

If I were you, I'd take them away.
如果我是你的话，我就会带走他们。

If I had met Li Hua, I could had told him.
如果我碰见了李华，我就告诉了他了。

If I had time. I could come to help you.
如果我有时间，我会来帮助你的。

He suggested that our class should be divided into five groups.
他建议说我们的班应该分成五个小组。

He speaks to us as if he had been there.
他给我们讲的好象他去过那儿。

虚拟语气的用法

1) 虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示祝愿，命令。

May you be happy.
祝你幸福。

May you have a good time.
祝愿你玩的痛快。

May the friendship between us last long.
祝愿我们的友情天长地久。

Have a good journey!
祝愿你旅途愉快！

You go out！
你出去！

2) 虚拟语气用在宾语从句中。动词 wish, suggest,order,insist, propose,等词后面的宾语从句表示的是一种虚拟语气， 宾语从句中的动词动作表示的只是一种愿望，要求。

I wish she would be on my side.
我希望她能站在我一边。

I wish I could help him.
我希望我能帮助他。

He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means.
他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。

动词 demand, suggest, order, insist, propose 后面的从句中，"should" 可以省略。

The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class.
老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。

He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves.
他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。

3) 虚拟语气用在主语从句中。

在句型 "It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... " 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形

It's necessary that we should have a walk now.
我们有必要出去散散步。

It's natural that she should do so.
她这样做是很自然的。

It's important that we should take good care of the patient.
重要的是我们要照顾好病人。

4) 虚拟语气用在状语从句中。

虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的主句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时，动词有三种时态形式，即现在，过去和将来。

与现在事实相反的：

条件从句 结果从句
If I (we,you,he,they)+ 动词过去式.. if I (he,she) were... I (we) should + 动词原形。 He (you,they) would + 动词原形。

与过去事实相反的：

条件从句 结果从句
If I(we,you,he,they)+ had + 过去分词 I(we)should + have+ 过去分词。He (you,they) would + have + 过去分词。

If I were you, I should buy it.
如果我是你，我就买了它。

If I had time, I would study French.
如果我有时间，我会学习法语的。

If she knew English,she would not ask me for help.
如果她懂英语的话，她不会找我帮忙的。

If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.
如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。

If it were fine tomorrow,I would go shopping.
如果明天天气好，我就去买东西。

有关虚拟语气的几个问题：

1) 有时if引导的状语从句可以省略 if，而把从句中的动词 were, had 或 should 移到主语前面。

Were she younger, she would do it .
如果她年青点， 她就会干的。

Had he known her address, he would had gone to visite her.
如果他知道她的地址，他会去看她的。

2) 有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略，而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。

I could help you.
我本来可以帮助你。

If I had time.
我要有时间该多好啊。

She should have come to the party.
她应该来参加聚会。

If he had much more money.
如果他有更多的钱就能...。

3) 虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词动作可以和主句的动词动作时态不一致。

If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now.
如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。

If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this.
如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。