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Programming
In order to solve a computational problem, its solution must be specified in terms of a sequcnce of computational steps,each of which may be effectively perrormed by a human agent or by a digital computer.Systematic notations for the specification of such sequences of computational steps are referred to as programming languages. A specification of the sequence of computational steps in a particular programming language is referred to as a program. The task of developing programs for the solution of computational problems is referred to as programming. A person engaging in the activity of programming is referred to as a programmer.
Programming is sometimes contrasted with coding. Coding generally refers to the writing and debugging of proguams for given program specifications, while programming includes the task of preparing the program specification as well as that of writing the program. The text of a program is sometimes referred to as code, and lines of program text are referred to as lines of code, especially in the case of machine-language programs. The term coder is used, sometimes pejoratively, to describe a person engaged exclusively in implementing program specifications prepared by orthers.
The programs for the earliest digital computers were wrtten in a machine language. Pure maching-language protramming required the jprogrammer to write out the sequences of binary or decimal digits by which each instruction was represented in the computer memory. By the mid-1950s it was realized that programmers could specify instruction codes and memory locations by symbolic mnemonics, which could be translated into the internal machine language by a translation program called an assembler.
In the late 1950s and in the 1960s, procedure-oriented language were developed to allow programmers to specify algorithms in a notation natural to the problem being solved. Programs specified in a procedure-oriented language were tuanslated into the internal language of a particular computer by a translation program called a compiler. The commonly used programming language in the 1960s and 1970s included FORTRAN,ALGOL60,COBOL,PL/1,and APL.
A problem spccification is generally given in terms of a desired relation between inputs and outputs which specifies what is to be computed. An algorithm or program for a given problem specifies how the given relation between inputs and outputs is to be achieved. It is the task of the programmer to convert@static@ input/output specifications of what is to be computed into dynamic specifications that specify how the computation is to be performed.