龙之谷光明之怒暗加点:芬兰国家英文介绍

Finland (in Finnish, Suomi), officially Republic of Finland, republic in northern Europe, bordered on the north by Norway, on the east by Russia, on the south by Russia and the Gulf of Finland, on the south-west by the Baltic Sea, and on the west by the Gulf of Bothnia and Sweden. Nearly one third of the country lies north of the Arctic Circle. The area of Finland, including 33,551 sq km (12,954 sq mi) of inland water, totals 338,145 sq km (130,559 sq mi). Helsinki is the capital and largest city of Finland.

The country consists mostly of tableland, with average heights of about 120 to 180 m (400 to 600 ft) above sea level. The terrain is generally level; hilly areas are more prominent in the north, and mountains are found in the extreme north-west. Mount Halti (1,324 m/4,344 ft) in the north-west near the Norwegian border is Finland’s highest point. The northernmost part of Finland, which lies above the Arctic Circle, is known as Saamiland.

Finland is a country of some 60,000 lakes, the largest of which are the Saimaa, Inari, and Päijänne. Projecting south-west into the Baltic Sea is the Ahvenanmaa archipelago (Åland Islands), which consists of some 6,500 islands. Finland’s principal rivers include the Tornio, Muonio, Kemi, and Oulu. Only the Oulu is navigable by large craft.

Because of the moderating influence of the surrounding water bodies, the climate of Finland is considerably less severe than might be expected. The average July temperature along the southern coast is 15.6° C (60° F); in February the average is about -8.9° C (16° F). Precipitation (including snow and rain) averages about 460 mm (18 in) in the north and 710 mm (28 in) in the south. Light snow covers the ground for four or five months of the year in the south and about seven months in the north.

Productive forestland is Finland’s most valuable natural resource. Spruce, pine, and silver birch are the principal economically exploited species. The only naturally occurring fuels are wood (including charcoal) and peat. Finland also has rich deposits of metallic ores from which copper, zinc, iron, and nickel are extracted. Lead, vanadium, silver, and gold are also mined commercially. Granite and limestone are the most abundant non-metallic minerals. Grey mountain soils predominate in inland regions. The northern third of Finland is covered by peat bogs. The most fertile soils are on the southern coastal plains, which are composed of marine clay.

Nearly three quarters of Finland is forested. Except in the extreme south, where aspen, alder, maple, and elm trees are found, the forests are chiefly coniferous, dominated by spruce and pine trees. Finland has nearly 1,200 species of plants and ferns and some 1,000 varieties of lichens. Wildlife includes bear, wolf, lynx, and arctic fox, all found mainly in the less populated northern regions. Reindeer, domesticated by the Saami (Lapps), are becoming extinct in the wild. Wild goose, swan, ptarmigan, snow bunting, and golden plover nest throughout northern Finland. Freshwater fish include perch, salmon, trout, and pike. The principal saltwater fish are cod, herring, and haddock. Seals are found along the coast.

Acid rain, which damages buildings, soils, forests, fish, and other wildlife, is one of the major environmental issues facing Finland. The country's emissions fell steadily in the late 20th century after the implementation of the United Nations (UN) Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) Sulphur Protocols, but Finland continues to receive sulphur dioxide and other acid-rain-causing pollutants from beyond its borders. Air quality in Finland is generally better than in many other European countries, although substantial problems do exist as a result of emissions from motor vehicles and industrial sources. The vast majority of the population—and, consequently, the sources of air pollution—is concentrated in urban areas in the south-west part of the country.

Finland protects 6 per cent (1997) of its total land area in parks and other reserves—less than most other western European countries. Forest covers 66 per cent (1995) of the country, however, making Finland the most densely forested European country. The government has long played a role in regulating the timber industry to maintain the country's valuable forest resources, and Finland sustains a remarkably low rate of deforestation—just 0.1 per cent (1990-1996) each year. With more than 60,000 lakes, Finland has a large proportion of wetlands, which provide critical habitat for many bird and animal species. During the 20th century these wetlands diminished considerably, due in part to peat mining and to draining for agriculture. Most of Finland's lakes are shallow, making them particularly susceptible to damage from acid rain.

The country is party to international treaties concerning air pollution, biodiversity, climate change, desertification, endangered species, hazardous wastes, marine dumping, marine life conservation, ship pollution, wetlands, and whaling.

Finland is perhaps best known for its peacefulness and beautiful nature. Vast forests, a unique archipelago and thousands of lakes present a striking mixture of wooded hills and waters.

In addition to its mystical northern nature, Finland is also a modern Nordic country with a high standard of living and advanced economy and technology.