宋茜街拍大衣:英语高手请进23

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可能问题太多有几个跑到 英语四六级里了 去那里也翻译哦 血本~
2.2. Distortional and element buckling
The three basic modes of buckling of compression members are shown in Fig. 1.
As defined in the Australian/New Zealand Standard [4], local buckling is a mode
involving plate flexure alone without transverse deformation of the line or lines of
intersection of adjoining plates, distortional buckling is a mode of buckling involving
change in cross-sectional shape excluding local buckling, and flexural-torsional
(sometimes called torsional-flexural) is a mode in which compression members can
bend and twist simultaneously without change of cross-sectional shape. There seems
to be common acceptance of these definitions worldwide but one recent paper [16]
has called the distortional mode lip buckling. This latter term may be confusing
because it does not distinguish between localised lip buckling and lip buckling by
transverse bending as in the distortional mode.
Three recent papers have provided more useful data on the distortional buckling
mode where the edge stiffened element fails by transverse bending of the stiffener.
In a recent text by the author of this review [17], this has been called flange-distortional
to distinguish it from the lateral-distortional mode that can occur in flexure
as shown in Fig. 2. The first paper by Badawy Abu-Sena et al. [16] provides an
interesting study where the torsional-flexural mode interacts with the lip buckling
(flange-distortional) mode for lip-stiffened compression members. Useful formulae
based on an energy method are provided for design and compared with finite element
analyses to test their accuracy.