高肉塞物r18盾冬:the history of binoculars

17世纪初的一天，荷兰密特尔堡镇一家眼镜店的主人科比斯赫，他为检查磨制出来的透镜质量，把一块凸透镜和一块凹镜排成一条线，通过透镜看过去，

发现远处的教堂的塔好象变大而且拉近了，于是在无意中发现了望远镜原理。1608年他为自己制作的望远镜申请专利，并遵从当局的要求，造了一个双筒望远镜。据说密特尔堡镇好几十个眼镜匠都声称发明了望远镜，不过一般都认为利比赫是望远镜的发明者。

参考：A Brief History of Binoculars
3500 BC
Phoenicians cooking on sand discovered glass around 3500 BC, but it took about 5,000 years more for glass to be shaped into a lens for the first telescope.

1608
A spectacle maker, Hans Lippershey of Holland is often credited with the invention of the telescope, but he almost certainly was not the first to make one. Lippershey was, however, the first to make the new device widely known. Modern opinion is that Lippershey's instrument was likely 3 or 4 power, with an objective of an inch and one half or less in diameter.

1609
The telescope was introduced to astronomy in 1609 by Italian scientist Galileo Galilei, becoming the first man to see the craters of the moon, and who went on to discover sunspots, the four large moons of Jupiter, and the rings of Saturn.

Galileo's telescope was similar to a pair of opera glasses in that it used an arrangement of glass lenses to magnify objects. This arrangement provided limited magnification--up to 30 times for Galileo--and a narrow field of view; Galileo could see no more than a quarter of the moon's face without repositioning his telescope.

1825
Binoculars of course, consist of two similar telescopes, one for each eye, mounted on a single frame. The first binocular telescope was invented by J. P. Lemiere in 1825.

1854
The modern prism binocular began with Ignatio Porro's 1854 Italian patent for a prism erecting system. Throughout the 1860s, Porro worked with Hofmann in Paris to produce monoculars using the same prism configuration used in modern Porro prism binoculars.

1855
Authors have described a stereo-telescope that had been built by A.S. Herschel in 1855. This instrument likely had two telescopes, with the objectives spaced prehaps 18" apart, each directed to an eyepiece via mirrors or prisms. The widely spaced objectives gave a greatly enhanced sense of depth perception.

1860s
During the U.S. Civil War in the 1860s Robert Tolles supplied a small quantity of field glasses, and Henry Fitz and Alvan Clark produced one binocular each. The Clark glass was tested in February of 1865, but the end of the war came soon after that and only one instrument was completed. Many of the instruments described in an early history of the binocular do not now exist.

1873
The German optical designer Ernst Abbe displayed a prism telescope at the 1873 Vienna Trade Fair. Designed according to Porro's principles, but without knowledge of the earlier work, Abbe's new innovation was to cement the prisms.

1894
Abbe抯 association with Otto Schott, glassmaker, and Carl Zeiss, instrument maker, resulted in a spectacular series of innovations by the German optical industry. The first high quality modern binoculars were sold in 1894, a product of the optical design of Ernst Abbe and the production techniques of Carl Zeiss.

1919
Introduction of widefield eyepieces in the construction of binoculars.

1933
Light metals are used for the housing instead of brass and zinc.

1935
Work by Alexander Smakula results in the invention of the antireflective coatings, increasing the light transmission of binoculars by 50%.

1947
Dave Bushnell starts Bushnell Performance Optics in the United States. Steiner Optik, GmbH founded by Karl Steiner in Germany.

1954
The use of tele-objective systems (two lens elements separated by air) leads to a reduction in the overall length of binoculars and to improved image quality with a larger relative aperture.
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History of the Telescope - Binocular
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Phoenicians cooking on sand discovered glass around 3500 BCE, but it took about 5,000 years more for glass to be shaped into a lens for the first telescope. A spectacle maker probably assembled the first telescope. Hans Lippershey (c1570-c1619) of Holland is often credited with the invention, but he almost certainly was not the first to make one. Lippershey was, however, the first to make the new device widely known.
The telescope was introduced to astronomy in 1609 by the great Italian scientist Galileo Galilei, who became the first man to see the craters of the moon, and who went on to discover sunspots, the four large moons of Jupiter, and the rings of Saturn. Galileo's telescope was similar to a pair of opera glasses in that it used an arrangement of glass lenses to magnify objects. This arrangement provided limited magnification--up to 30 times for Galileo--and a narrow field of view; Galileo could see no more than a quarter of the moon's face without repositioning his telescope.

In 1704, Sir Issac Newton announced a new concept in telescope design whereby instead of glass lenses, a curved mirror was used to gather in light and reflect it back to a point of focus. This reflecting mirror acts like a light-collecting bucket: the bigger the bucket, the more light it can collect. The reflector telescope that Newton designed opened the door to magnifying objects millions of times--far beyond what could ever be obtained with a lens.

Newton's fundamental principle of using a single curved mirror to gather in light remained the same. The major change that took place was the growth in the size of the reflecting mirror, from the 6-inch mirror used by Newton to the 6-meter (236 inches in diameter) mirror of the Special Astrophysical Observatory in Russia, which opened in 1974.

The idea of a segmented mirror dated back to the 19th century, but experiments with it had been few and small, and many astronomers doubted its viability. It remained for the Keck Telescope to push the technology forward and bring into reality this innovative design.

A binocular is a optical instrument for providing a magnified view of distant objects, consisting of two similar telescopes, one for each eye, mounted on a single frame. The first binocular telescope was invented by J. P. Lemiere in 1825.

The Early History of the Binocular
The modern prism binocular began with Ignatio Porro's 1854 Italian patent for a prism erecting system.

The First 300 Years of Binocular Telescopes
"What we call a binocular is a binocular telescope, two small prismatic telescopes joined together. When Hans Lippershey applied for a patent on his instrument in 1608, the bureaucracy in charge, who had never before seen a telescope, asked him to build a binocular version of it, with quartz optics, which he is reported to have completed in December 1608."

Telescopes and their Makers
"Box-shaped binocular terrestrial telescopes were produced in the second half of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century by Cherubin d扥rleans, by Pattroni in Milan, and by I.M. Dobler in Berlin; but were not successful because of their clumsy handling and poor quality."

Telescope Facts - James Short
The Short Telescope, was made by the Scottish Instrument maker James Short in 1740. An optician and astronomer, James Short invented the first perfect parabolic and elliptic, distortionless mirror ideal for reflecting telescopes. James Short built over 1,360 telescopes.

利比赫是双筒望远镜的发明者。