产科医生的主题曲:什么叫“倒装句”？请举例。

何以战？（以何战）

英语倒装句用法浅析
倒装(Inversion)是一种语法手段,用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本结构是主、谓结构,倒装就是将这种比较固定的结构加以颠倒。

倒装有两种:将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。如:In came a man with a white beard.

只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。如:Only once was John late to class.

英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。下面本文就拟从其修辞功能谈谈倒装句的用法。

一、 表示强调:

倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下:

1. only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。

例1:Only in this way can you solve this problem. 只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。

例2:Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。

2. not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。

例1: No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 我刚到家就下起了雨。

例2: Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽车上班。

3. so / such...that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。

例1:So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled. 他的要价太离谱,令每个人都瞠目结舌。

例2:To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out. 她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于那两个演员都走出去了。

以上各例都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的修辞效果。

二、 承上启下

有时倒装可把前一句说到的人或物,或与前一句有联系的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来,从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。

例1: They broke into her uncle's bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake. 他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。一条棕褐色的蛇缠在他头上。

例2: We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。

三、 制造悬念,渲染气氛

在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。如:

Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 墙上挂着一幅精美的图画。

再如朗费罗(Longfellow)《雪花》中的一节:

Out of the bosom of the Air,

Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,

Over the woodlands brown and bare,

Over the harvest-fields forsaken,

Silent, and soft, and slow,

Descends the snow.

在这一节诗里 ,诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中 ,诗人堆砌了七个状语,状语连续出现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露 ,造成一种悬念效应。全节读罢 ,读者才对诗歌的主题恍然大悟 ,因而收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。

四、 平衡结构

英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。

1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。

例1:A. To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.

B. A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.

一个连队的解放军战士来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命解救受困的矿工。

例2:A. On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some other cities.

B. Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities.

地上放着一些空调,等着用船运到其他城市去。

从例句中可看出, 采用倒装语序的A句结构平衡稳妥 ,读起来自然流畅,而采用自然语序的B句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭。因而,在主语较长时就应采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。

2. 以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。如:

Such would be our home in the future. 我们将来的家就是这个样子。

3. 以副词here , there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。如:

Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这儿。

五、 使描写生动

有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。如:

Up went the rocket into the air. 嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。

Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. 当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时,嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。

Boom went the cannon! 轰隆一声大炮开火了!

Bang came another shot!砰!又是一声枪响!

以上句子简洁明快 ,生动逼真地描述了有关动作 ,令我们一览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。

“Stop thief! Stop thief!” There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, ... Away they run, pell—mell, helter—skelter, yelling—screaming, ...

“Stop thief ! Stop thief !” The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )

作者在第一段和第二段中分别用副词away, up和out位于句首引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。从而制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛 ,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。

倒装是英语中一个重要的修辞手段。倒装句的使用丰富了我们的语言表达,了解并掌握倒装句各种句式的用法 , 不仅会提高我们对英语语言的欣赏能力 , 对英语表达能力的提高也将大有裨益。因此,写作中适当用一些倒装句式定会使文章表达更生动、有力。

倒装句分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装即把谓语提到主语之前，部分倒装即把谓语动词中一部分提到主语之前。究其原由，一是语法需要，二是修辞需要。但在实际应用中，特别是在复合句中，学生常常分不清楚是在主句中倒装，还是在从句中倒装。下面就中学英语中的这种现象加以列举。

（一）在主句中倒装

1. not only…but also…连接两个对等成分时

Not only was everything he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.

Not only should we not be afraid of difficulties, but we should overcome them.

2. so…that… 结构中，强调so 所修饰的词时，句子倒装

So loudly did he speak that every one of the class could hear him.

So shallow is the lake that no fish can live in it .

3. hardly (scarcely) …when…,no sooner…than…结构中，强调否定意义的词时

Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.

No sooner had he arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.

4. not until位于句首时

Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realized how serious the problem was.

5. 有时为了平衡句子

Gone are the days when we used“foreign oil”.

At last came the day when he was to be thrown to the prison.

（二）在从句中倒装

1. as引导的让步状语从句中倒装

Child as he was, he knows a great deal.

Disabled as Paul was, he went on serving the people.

2. 虚拟语气中，如从句谓语含were, had should，则省去if用倒装

Were I not working, I would be quite willing to do what you ask me to.

Had I known, I might have joined you in the discussion.

3. 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中

They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy

春眠不觉晓，处处“闻啼鸟”。
本应是“闻鸟啼”，为了压韵
才这样的啦

中文的倒装：
最爱湖东行不足，绿杨阴里白沙堤。

倒装句的用法
英语的基本语序是“主语＋谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序叫做“倒装”。倒装的原因，一是语法结构的需要（如某些疑问句），二是为了强调。
倒装的种类：全部倒装、部分倒装。
英语中常见的倒装句，除某些疑问句的直接引语以及there开头的固定倒装句型外，还有下列一些情况：

(1)在以here, there或out, in, up, down, away等副词开头的句子里，表示强调，但主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语的语序不变。部分倒装。

Here comes the bus.
公共汽车来了。

In came the teacher.
老师进来了。

Here you are.
给你。

Out he rushed.
他冲了出去。

(2)Only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时。

Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
直到那时我才意识到自己错了。

Only in this way can you learn your lessons well.
按照这种方法你才能把你的学习学好。

Only when the war was over did he know his son had given his life to the country.
战争结束时，他才知道自己的儿子为国捐躯了。

(3)含有否定意义的副词或连词，如hardly, not until, never, not only, little, seldom等，放在句首时，部分倒装。

Never shall I forget what you have done for me.
我从未忘记你所为我做的一切。

Hardly had he got off the train when it began to move.
他刚一下车，火车就开动了。

Not only does she sing well, but also she dances well.
她不光歌唱得好，舞也跳得不错。

Seldom did he go out.
他很少出去。

(4)把副词so放在句首，表示前面说的情况也适用于另一个人（或物）。其句型是：so＋be (have，助动词或情态动词)＋主语。

She is busy doing her homework. So is her brother.
她在忙于做作业，她弟弟也在忙着做作业。

You have passed the exam. So have I.
你通过了考试，我也通过了。

He doesn't like shopping. Neither do I.
他不喜欢逛街，我也一样。

He can't speak any foreign language. Nor can his father.
他不会说外语，他爸爸也不会。

(5)为了保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或使上下文紧密衔接时。

They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.
他们到达一处农舍，房子前面坐着一个小男孩。

East of the town lies a beautiful lake.
城东有个美丽的湖。

(6)so＋adj./adv....that倒装。

So long are his arms that he can reach the ceiling.
他的手臂很长，以至于手都可以摸到天花板。

So loudly did he speak that others could hear him.
他讲话的声音太大，以至于别人都可以听到他的话。

(7)if引导的条件状语从句中，如果有were, had, should, could, if省略，主谓部分倒装。

If I were you, I would go.
倒装 Were I you, I would go.
如果我是你，我就去。

If I had come, I would have seen you.
倒装 Had I come, I would have seen you.
如果我来，就可以见到你了。

(8)as, though引导让步从句时，句中的表语、状语、动词原形放到as前作特殊语序变化。

Small as he is, he knows a lot.
虽然他很小，但是他懂得很多。

Much as she likes, she doesn't afford it.
虽然她非常喜欢，但是她买不起。

Try as he might, he failed again.
就算他再试，也还是会失败的。

注：如果是名词充当表语放于as前时不用冠词。

Great scientist as Einstein was, he was simple.
爱因斯坦是一位伟大的科学家，他很纯朴。