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The supply of land is a closely related problem. Most cities are not preparing serviced land for development at a pace commensurate with their rates of population growth. Hence, although raw land is usually available, land which is provided with adequate urban services and properly graded is in short supply. Secondary road systems, additional water supplies and other facilities need to be planned and built at the urban perimeter to open up more land. Although these shortages of serviced urban land may be viewed as symptomatic of more pervasive factors, they are nevertheless critical.
The problems of urban transport represent another set of crucial environmental symptoms that are closely related to the problems of urban land. Again they reflect the disparities of interest between the wealthy elites and the poor masses. Particularly in the cities of LDCS with comparatively high average incomes, there have been dramatic increases in the number of private motor vehicles in recent years without a corresponding increase in road capacity. In Malaysian cities, for example, motorcycle and automobile registration has been growing at the rate of 25 percent per year. These private vehicles are affordable by a minority of the population, yet on a per-capita basis; occupy a disproportionately high amount of road space, which of course has led to marked increases in traffic congestion. The presence of both fast vehicles and also of such slow moving conveyances as bicycles, rickshaws, animal-drawn carts, etc., creates considerable congestion, particularly in the absence of facilities for segregation of these vehicles. This mixed traffic not only causes confusion but reduces available road capacity and results in traffic delays, besides being a source of accidents. These problems are further aggravated by the frequent inadequacy of mass transport systems. The specter of grossly over-crowded buses, trams and trains is a common situation in the urban areas of LDCs. Although urban governments have generally wanted to provide cheap public transport, most resulting systems have been inefficiently operated, overly subsidized, under-capitalized, and over-regulated.
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