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Brief History of Al
When digital computers were first being developed in the 1940s and 1950s, several researchers wrote programs that could perform elementary reasoning tasks. Prominent among these were papers describing the first computer programs that could play chess, and checkers and prove theorems in plane geometry. In 1956, John McCarthy and Claude Shannon coedited a volume entitled Automata Studies. Disappointed that the papers dealt mainly with the mathematical theory of automata, McCarthy decided to use the phrase Artificial Intelligence as the title of a 1956 Dartmouth conference. Several important early papers were delivered at that conference, including one by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert Simon on a program called the Logic Theorist, which could prove theorems in prepositional logic. Even though many other names for the field were tried, including complex information progressing, machine intelligence, heuristic programming,and cognology, the name Artificial Intelligence has persisted, no doubt because a progression of textbooks, college course, conferences, and journals used the name.
In 1958, John McCarthy proposed using the predicate calculus as a language for representing and using knowledge in a system he called the “advice taker”. This system was to be told what it needed to know rather than programmed. A modest but influential implementation of these ideas was undertaken by Cordell Green in his system called QA3. Surviving much controversy among SI researchers, the predicate calculus and several of its variants constitute the foundation for knowledge representation in AI.
Twentieth-century logicians, including Kurt Go del, Stephen Kleene, Emil Post, Alonzo Church, and Alan Turing, formalized and clarified much of what could and could not be done with logical and computational systems. More recently, computer scientists, including Stephen Cook and Richard Karp, identified classes of computations that, while possible in principle, might require utterly impractical amounts of time and memory.
The first modern article dealing with the possibility of mechanizing human style intelligence was the one by Alan Turing. During this same period, Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts theorized about the one relationships between simple to computer any computable function by networks of logical gates, Other work by Frank Rosenblatt explored the use of networks, called perceptions, of neuronlike elements for learning and for pattern recognition. Several other streams of work, among them cybernetics, cognitive psychology, computational linguistics, and adaptive control theory, also contributed to the intellectual matrix within which AI developed.