最忆是杭州 豆瓣:请教英文翻译，谢谢（不要金山快译等软件翻译的）

Once it has been proven
that a person has a specific disease, the cost of medical treatment paid by the patient under the terms of the standard medical insurance scheme will, in principle, be borne by the national and local (prefectural) governments (on a 50%-50% basis) for a period of 6 months (or longer, if the severe acute pancreatitis continues) from the date of the application for payment. Because the medical treatment costs are paid for only after
the date of application, this application should be made as quickly as possible. It should be noted that, under this system, the definition of severe acute pancreatitis is as specified by the severity assessment criteria established by the Ministry of Health, Labour, and
Welfare. The homepage website of the Japan Intractable Disease Center (http://www.nanbyou.or.jp) provides patients with severe acute pancreatitis and their families with information on subjects such as the “Severity Assessment Criteria”1,2 and the “Clinical Examination Record.” The information has been prepared by the Research Group for Specific Intractable Pancreatic Diseases, which is sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare.
M. Yoshida et al.: Insurance system for acute pancreatitis in Japan 9
Comparisons between Western health insurance systems and the Japanese system
United States
Medical insurance in the United States is primarily provided by private insurance companies. As of 2004, there were 44 million people in the United States without
health care insurance.3 Wealthy people are able to obtain very advanced, but expensive, medical care services, whereas the uninsured poor can only afford some of the medical services available. Many insurance companies, whose operations are principally influenced by the critical issue of how medical expenses should be paid, have introduced “managed care” and “medical management guidelines” in an attempt to standardize medical management procedures. Moreover, some insurers endeavor to limit medical expense payments by introducing “gatekeeper” systems,4 under which patients can receive medical services from a specialist physician only after being referred by their
primary care physicians.
Germany
In Germany, patients can freely choose their general practitioner, but they cannot change their practitioner for at least 3 months after the first visit, unless there is a special reason for so doing. Access to a hospital specialist is subject to referral by their primary care physician and often takes a very long time. If patients consult a specialist without being referred, they must pay the cost of medical treatment.Under the pressure of health care reform in Germany in the 1990s, interactions among the state, medical insurance
funds, and providers are said to have entered a new era.5