劳斯莱斯和迈巴赫内饰:翻译(有分吆,翻译的好还加分呢???!!我有的是分)

Prominent among anabolic effector pathways is a circuit containing
neuropeptide Y (NPY). Injection of NPY into cerebral ventricles or directly into the hypothalamus of rats potently stimulates food intake38 and decreases energy expenditure while simultaneously inducing lipogenic enzymes in liver and white adipose tissue39. Consequently, continuous or repeated central administration of NPY leads readily to obesity38,40. Because NPY gene expression and secretion of the NPY peptide in the hypothalamus are increased during active depletion of body fat stores41,42 and/or reduced leptin/insulin signalling to the brain43, NPY meets the criteria for an anabolic signalling molecule. Moreover, leptin inhibits arcuate nucleus NPY gene expression44,45 and genetic knockout of NPY reduces hyperphagia and obesity in ob/ob mice46, indicating that the full response to leptin deficiency requires NPY signalling (Fig. 2a). The hyperphagic response to insulin-deficient diabetes is similarly accompanied by increased hypothalamic NPY synthesis and release47, and this response is blocked by insulin administration, either systemically or directly into the brain20. The finding that mice that lack NPY (but are otherwise genetically normal) have intact feeding responses, however, raises questions about the need for NPY when leptin or insulin levels are normal48. Alternatively, congenital absenceofamajorneuropeptidesuchasNPYmayelicitcompensatoryresponsesthatmasktheconsequencesofitsdeficiency,andfurther studyisrequiredtoresolvethisissue.Agouti-relatedprotein(AGRP), orexin (also known as ‘hypocretin’) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) have subsequently been added to the list of candidate anabolic effector signalling molecules (Table 1).
Melanocortins suppress food intake
Candidatecataboliceffectorsignallingmoleculeshaveanoppositeset of characteristics. Melanocortins such as -melanocyte-stimulating hormone ( -MSH)49, as well as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)50, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)51, cocaine- and are among a growing list of peptides that promote negative energy balance. Neuronal synthesis of these peptides increases in response to increased adiposity signalling in the brain. Among these, the melanocortin system stands out as being remarkable both for its complexityanditsimportancetoenergyhomeostasis.